In the BitTorrent file distribution system, a torrent file or meta-info file is a computer file that contains metadata about files and folders to be distributed, and usually also a list of the network locations of trackers, which are computers that help participants in the system find each other and form efficient distribution groups called swarms.[1] A torrent file does not contain the content to be distributed; it only contains information about those files, such as their names, folder structure, sizes, and cryptographic hash values for verifying file integrity. The term torrent may refer either to the metadata file or to the files downloaded, depending on the context.
Torrent Download CFD 2012 Key
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A torrent file acts like a table of contents (index) that allows computers to find information through the use of a BitTorrent client. With the help of a torrent file, one can download small parts of the original file from computers that have already downloaded it. These "peers" allow for downloading of the file in addition to, or in place of, the primary server.
Torrent files themselves and the method of using torrent files have been created to ease the load on central servers, as instead of sending a file to for request, it can crowd-source the bandwidth needed for the file transfer, and reduce the time needed to download large files. Many free/freeware programs and operating systems, such as the various Linux distributions offer a torrent download option for users seeking the aforementioned benefits. Other large downloads, such as media files, are often torrented as well.
Typically, Internet access is asymmetrical, supporting greater download speeds than upload speeds, limiting the bandwidth of each download, and sometimes enforcing bandwidth caps and periods where systems are not accessible. This creates inefficiency when many people want to obtain the same set of files from a single source; the source must always be online and must have massive outbound bandwidth. The BitTorrent protocol addresses this by decentralizing the distribution, leveraging the ability of people to network "peer-to-peer", among themselves.
Each file to be distributed is divided into small information chunks called pieces. Downloading peers achieve high download speeds by requesting multiple pieces from different computers simultaneously in the swarm. Once obtained, these pieces are usually immediately made available for download by others in the swarm. In this way, the burden on the network is spread among the downloaders, rather than concentrating at a central distribution hub or cluster. As long as all the pieces are available, peers (downloaders and uploaders) can come and go; no one peer needs to have all the chunks or to even stay connected to the swarm in order for distribution to continue among the other peers.
A small torrent file is created to represent a file or folder to be shared. The torrent file acts as the key to initiating downloading of the actual content. Someone interested in receiving the shared file or folder first obtains the corresponding torrent file, either by directly downloading it or by using a magnet link. The user then opens that file in a BitTorrent client, which automates the rest of the process. In order to learn the internet locations of peers who may be sharing pieces, the client connects to the trackers named in the torrent file, and/or achieves a similar result through the use of distributed hash tables. Then the client connects directly to the peers in order to request pieces and otherwise participate in a swarm. The client may also report progress to trackers, to help the tracker with its peer recommendations.
A torrent is uniquely identified by an infohash, a SHA-1 hash calculated over the contents of the info dictionary in bencode form. Changes to other portions of the torrent does not affect the hash. This hash is used to identify the torrent to other peers via DHT and to the tracker. It is also used in magnet links.
A torrent file can also contain additional metadata defined in extensions to the BitTorrent specification.[2] These are known as "BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals." Examples of such proposals include metadata for stating who created the torrent, and when.
The specification recommends that nodes "should be set to the K closest nodes in the torrent generating client's routing table. Alternatively, the key could be set to a known good node such as one operated by the person generating the torrent."
This feature is very commonly used by open source projects offering software downloads. Web seeds allow smart selection and simultaneous use of mirror sites, P2P or HTTP(S), by the client. Doing so reducing the load on the project's servers while maximizing download speed. MirrorBrain [de] automatically generates torrents with web seeds.
Private torrents are to be used with a private tracker. Such a tracker restricts access to torrents it tracks by checking the peer's IP, refusing to provide a peer list if the IP is unknown. The peer itself is usually registered to the tracker via a gated online community; the private tracker typically also keep statistics of data transfer for use in the community.
Decentralized methods like DHT, PeX, LSD are disabled to maintain the centralized control. A private torrent can be manually edited to remove the private flag, but doing so will change the info-hash (deterministically), forming a separate "swarm" of peers. On the other hand, changing the tracker list will not change the hash. The flag does not offer true privacy, instead operating as a gentlemen's agreement.
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We already have a post with the new product keys for Autodesk 2014 products but, for those of you using earlier versions of the software, that post is completely irrelevant. In this post, you can find all product keys for Autodesk 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 products. Why are product keys so important you ask? They are required for installation of Autodesk products and are used to differentiate products that are both sold independently and as part of a product suite.
When you download the software, you must download the correct version of MDT. The MDT2009-Disc1.zip and MDT2009-Disc2.zip downloads are designed to look for a type of 'Inventor" installed on your computer. The files are named the same but are actually different. For example, if you just download the first MDT2009-Disk1.zip, you will not know if it works with Autodesk Product Design Suite/Inventor 2012 or with AutoCAD Inventor Tooling Suite 2011/2010.
When installing the Mechanical Desktop 2009, you will still need to enter a serial number from your 2012/2011/2010 media and no Product Key is required. You will also have the option to change the install from Standalone to Network if necessary by clicking on the Configure Button.
Autodesk Simulation CFD has just recently switched over it's licensing to the Autodesk Licensing and Installation Framework in the 2012 release. The default installation does not have an option for deployments and therefore does not have an easy option for a 'Silent Installation'.
IMPORTANT: To ensure the file set you are downloading matches the book you are using, compare the download file name to the part number of your book.I.e., the SOLIDWORKS 2022 Essentials manual (English) is part number PMT2200-ENG, found on the back cover. The download that goes with this book is part number TRN_CDT2200_ESS2022.zip (22 is the version, 00 is the code for Essentials).
Tip: Place cursor over the icon in the Notes column to see additional information specific to a particular fileset.NOTICE: A recent change in Chrome may be inhibiting download of some of these files, in particular the older .exe files. Try Right-click, "Save link as..." to download.
Find Serial Numbers and Product Keys in Autodesk Account: Your Serial Number and Product Key are displayed in your Autodesk Account in the product tray on the Products & Services page and also again in the Software Download window. Note about serial number visibility in Autodesk Account: Only account administrators, such as Contract Managers and Software Coordinators, and Named Users with assigned software benefits will see serial numbers in Autodesk Account. You are the account administrator if you purchased a software subscription using your Autodesk Account or were assigned the role of Contract Manager or Software Coordinator by your company. If you do not see the software you wish to activate in your Autodesk account or see the message "Contact your admin for serial numbers," you need to contact the contract administrator. Only an administrator can assign you as a Named User or End User and give you permissions to download and activate the software.
If, for whatever reason, you cannot locate your product key, there is another method: 1. Using your installation media, (USB key, DVD, download folder, etc.) navigate to the location of the setup.exe file for your Autodesk product. 2. In that folder, look for a file named MID.txt, MID01.txt, MID02.txt or some variation on that name. 3. Open this file in notepad and verify that the product name is what you expected it to be. 4. The first five characters of the part number should also be the product key for that product. 2ff7e9595c
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